Jaundice

Jaundice

Apakah penyakit kuning? 

Jaundis bukanlah satu penyakit tetapi sebaliknya adalah satu tanda yang boleh berlaku dalam banyak penyakit yang berbeza. Jaundis adalah mengotorkan kekuningan pada kulit dan sclera (yang putih mata) yang disebabkan oleh tahap yang tinggi dalam darah bilirubin kimia. Warna kulit dan sclera berbeza-beza mengikut tahap bilirubin. Apabila tahap bilirubin adalah sedikit tinggi, ia kekuningan. Apabila tahap bilirubin yang tinggi, mereka cenderung untuk menjadi coklat.

Gejala penyakit kuning 

Jaundis adalah tanda proses penyakit yang berdasarkan kepada tanda-tanda dan gejala yang dilihat pada individu dengan penyakit kuning yang biasa termasuk: 

• Perubahan warna kuning pada kulit, membran mukus, dan putih mata, 
• Najis Light-warna, 
• Gelap warna air kencing, dan 
• Gatal-gatal kulit.

Awalan proses penyakit boleh menyebabkan tanda-tanda dan gejala tambahan. 

Ini mungkin termasuk: 

• Loya dan muntah-muntah, 
• Sakit perut, 
• Demam, 
• Kelemahan, 
• Hilang selera makan, 
• Sakit kepala, 
• Kekeliruan, 
• Bengkak di bahagian kaki dan perut, dan 
• Penyakit kuning bayi yang baru lahir. 

Pada bayi baru lahir, tahap bilirubin meningkat, penyakit kuning biasanya akan berkembang dari kepala ke leher, dan kemudian ke tangan dan kaki.

Tanda-tanda tambahan dan gejala-gejala yang boleh dilihat pada bayi termasuk: 

• Pemakanan yang kurang baik, 
• Kelesuan, 
• Perubahan dalam nada otot, 
• Tangisan yang nyaring, dan 
• Sawan. 

Pra-hepatik (sebelum hempedu dibuat di dalam hati) -Jaundice dalam kes-kes ini adalah disebabkan oleh peningkatan secara pesat dalam kerosakan dan kemusnahan sel-sel darah merah (hemolisis), meningkatkan keupayaan hati untuk mengeluarkan secukupnya tahap bilirubin meningkat dari darah. 

Contoh syarat dengan pecahan meningkat sel-sel darah merah termasuk: 

· Malaria, 

· Krisis sel sabit 

· Spherocytosis, 

· Talasemia, 

· Glukosa-6-fosfat dehidrogenase (G6PD), 

· Ubat-ubatan atau racun lain, dan 

· Gangguan pengimunan secara semulajadi.

Hepatik (masalah yang timbul dalam hati) -Jaundice dalam kes-kes ini adalah disebabkan oleh ketidakupayaan hati untuk memetabolismekan dengan betul dan mengeluarkan bilirubin. Contohnya termasuk: 

· Hepatitis (biasanya virus atau alkohol yang berkaitan), 

· Sirosis, 

· Ubat-ubatan atau racun lain, 

· Sindrom Crigler-Najjar, 

· Sindrom Gilbert, dan 

· Kanser 

Post-hepatik (selepas hempedu telah dibuat di dalam hati) -Jaundice dalam kes-kes ini, juga dikenali sebagai jaundis obstruktif, adalah disebabkan oleh keadaan yang mengganggu saliran biasa bilirubin berkonjugat dalam bentuk hempedu dari hati ke usus. 

Punca jaundis obstruktif termasuk: 

· Batu karang dalam salur hempedu, 

· Kanser (pankreas dan pundi hempedu / karsinoma duktus hempedu), 

· Gangguan daripada saluran hempedu, 

· Cholangitis, 

· Kecacatan kongenital, 

· Pankreatitis, 

· Parasit, 

· Kehamilan, dan 

· Penyakit kuning bayi yang baru lahir.

Berikut adalah beberapa sebab-sebab biasa penyakit kuning yang baru lahir: 

Penyakit kuning-fisiologi : penyakit kuning ini biasanya jelas pada hari kedua atau ketiga kelahiran. Ia adalah punca yang paling biasa penyakit kuning yang baru lahir dan biasanya satu keadaan sementara dan tidak merbahaya.

Ibu-janin ketidakserasian kumpulan darah (Rh, ABO): jaundis dalam bentuk ini berlaku apabila terdapat ketidakserasian antara jenis darah ibu dan janin. Ini membawa kepada tahap bilirubin meningkat daripada pecahan janin 'sel-sel darah merah (hemolisis). 

Penyakit kuning-Susu ibu:  bentuk jaundis ini berlaku pada bayi baru lahir ASI dan biasanya muncul di akhir minggu pertama kelahiran. Bahan kimia tertentu di dalam susu ibu dianggap puncanya dan biasanya merupakan keadaan yang berbahaya dan berlaku secara spontan. Ibu biasanya tidak perlu menghentikan penyusuan susu ibu. 

Penyusuan susu ibu penyakit kuning-Bentuk penyakit kuning berlaku apabila bayi yang baru lahir menyusu tidak menerima pengambilan susu ibu yang mencukupi. Ini mungkin berlaku kerana pengeluaran susu yang lambat atau tidak mencukupi oleh ibu atau kerana pemakanan yang kurang baik oleh bayi yang baru lahir. Ini mengakibatkan pengambilan yang tidak mencukupi dalam penghidratan dan pergerakan dalam usus yang lebih sedikit untuk bayi yang baru lahir, dengan berikutnya terjadi penurunan perkumuhan bilirubin dari badan.

SOURCES: http://homeoall.com/jaundice-homeopathy-treatment/

Types of breast cancers

There are several types of breast cancer, but some of them are quite rare. In some cases a single breast tumor can be a combination of these types or be a mixture of invasive and in situ cancer.

Ductal carcinoma in situ

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS; also known as intraductal carcinoma) is considered non-invasive or pre-invasive breast cancer. DCIS means that cells that lined the ducts have changed to look like cancer cells. The difference between DCIS and invasive cancer is that the cells have not spread (invaded) through the walls of the ducts into the surrounding breast tissue. DCIS is considered a pre-cancer because some cases can go on to become invasive cancers. Right now, though, there is no good way to know for certain which cases will go on to become invasive cancers and which ones won’t.

About 1 in 5 new breast cancer cases will be DCIS. Nearly all women diagnosed at this early stage of breast cancer can be cured.

Lobular carcinoma in situ

This is not a true cancer or pre-cancer, and is discussed in the section “What are the risk factors for breast cancer?”

Invasive (or infiltrating) ductal carcinoma

This is the most common type of breast cancer. Invasive (or infiltrating) ductal carcinoma (IDC) starts in a milk duct of the breast, breaks through the wall of the duct, and grows into the fatty tissue of the breast. At this point, it may be able to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system and bloodstream. About 8 of 10 invasive breast cancers are infiltrating ductal carcinomas.

Invasive (or infiltrating) lobular carcinoma

Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) starts in the milk-producing glands (lobules). Like IDC, it can spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. About 1 invasive breast cancer in 10 is an ILC. Invasive lobular carcinoma may be harder to detect by a mammogram than invasive ductal carcinoma.

Less common types of breast cancer

Inflammatory breast cancer: This uncommon type of invasive breast cancer accounts for about 1% to 3% of all breast cancers. Usually there is no single lump or tumor. Instead, inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) makes the skin on the breast look red and feel warm. It also may give the breast skin a thick, pitted appearance that looks a lot like an orange peel. Doctors now know that these changes are not caused by inflammation or infection, but by cancer cells blocking lymph vessels in the skin. The affected breast may become larger or firmer, tender, or itchy.

In its early stages, inflammatory breast cancer is often mistaken for an infection in the breast (called mastitis) and treated as an infection with antibiotics. If the symptoms are caused by cancer, they will not improve, and a biopsy will find cancer cells. Because there is no actual lump, it might not show up on a mammogram, which can make it even harder to find it early. This type of breast cancer tends to have a higher chance of spreading and a worse outlook (prognosis) than typical invasive ductal or lobular cancer. For more details about this condition, see our document,Inflammatory Breast Cancer.

Triple-negative breast cancer: This term is used to describe breast cancers (usually invasive ductal carcinomas) whose cells lack estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors, and do not have an excess of the HER2 protein on their surfaces. (See the section, "How is breast cancer diagnosed?" for more detail on these receptors.) Breast cancers with these characteristics tend to occur more often in younger women and in African-American women. Triple-negative breast cancers tend to grow and spread more quickly than most other types of breast cancer. Because the tumor cells lack these certain receptors, neither hormone therapy nor drugs that target HER2 are effective treatments. Chemotherapy can still be useful, and is often recommended even for early-stage disease as it lowers the risk of the cancer coming back later.

Paget disease of the nipple: This type of breast cancer starts in the breast ducts and spreads to the skin of the nipple and then to the areola, the dark circle around the nipple. It is rare, accounting for only about 1% of all cases of breast cancer. The skin of the nipple and areola often appears crusted, scaly, and red, with areas of bleeding or oozing. The woman may notice burning or itching.

Paget disease is almost always associated with either ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or infiltrating ductal carcinoma. Treatment often requires mastectomy. If no lump can be felt in the breast tissue, and the biopsy shows DCIS but no invasive cancer, the outlook (prognosis) is excellent. If invasive cancer is present, the prognosis is not as good, and the cancer will need to be staged and treated like any other invasive cancer.

Phyllodes tumor: This very rare breast tumor develops in the stroma (connective tissue) of the breast, in contrast to carcinomas, which develop in the ducts or lobules. Other names for these tumors include phylloides tumor andcystosarcoma phyllodes. These tumors are usually benign but on rare occasions may be malignant.

Benign phyllodes tumors are treated by removing the tumor along with a margin of normal breast tissue. A malignant phyllodes tumor is treated by removing it along with a wider margin of normal tissue, or by mastectomy. Surgery is often all that is needed, but these cancers might not respond as well to the other treatments used for more common breast cancers. When a malignant phyllodes tumor has spread, it can be treated with the chemotherapy given for soft-tissue sarcomas (this is discussed in detail in our document, Sarcoma - Adult Soft Tissue Cancer.

Angiosarcoma: This form of cancer starts in cells that line blood vessels or lymph vessels. It rarely occurs in the breasts. When it does, it usually develops as a complication of previous radiation treatments. This is an extremely rare complication of breast radiation therapy that can develop about 5 to 10 years after radiation. Angiosarcoma can also occur in the arms of women who develop lymphedema as a result of lymph node surgery or radiation therapy to treat breast cancer. (For information on lymphedema, see the section, "How is breast cancer treated?") These cancers tend to grow and spread quickly. Treatment is generally the same as for other sarcomas. See our document,Sarcoma - Adult Soft Tissue Cancer.

Special types of invasive breast carcinoma

There are some special types of breast cancer that are sub-types of invasive carcinoma. These are often named after features seen when they are viewed under the microscope, like the ways the cells are arranged.

Some of these may have a better prognosis than standard infiltrating ductal carcinoma. These include:

• Adenoid cystic (or adenocystic) carcinoma
• Low-grade adenosquamous carcinoma (this is a type of metaplastic carcinoma)
• Medullary carcinoma
• Mucinous (or colloid) carcinoma
• Papillary carcinoma
• Tubular carcinoma

Some sub-types have the same or maybe worse prognosis than standard infiltrating ductal carcinoma. These include:

• Metaplastic carcinoma (most types, including spindle cell and squamous)
• Micropapillary carcinoma
• Mixed carcinoma (has features of both invasive ductal and lobular)

In general, all of these sub-types are still treated like standard infiltrating ductal carcinoma.

[source: American Cancer Society ~ http://www.cancer.org/cancer/breastcancer/detailedguide/breast-cancer-breast-cancer-types]

Arnica Montana in Homeopathy

Keep a supply of Arnica in your home first aid kit for bruising or soreness associated with:

Accidents and injuries

Black eyes

Muscle Sprains

Back Strains

Bone fracture

Wounds with Swelling

Surgery (especially Orthopedic and Plastic)

Dental Procedures

Overexertion

Written by:

Dr. Lauri Grossman, DC CCH RSHOM(NA)

Source: www.arnica.com

Aconitum Napellus

GUIDING SYMPTOMS 

 1. Sudden and Violent: Acute, sudden and violent invasion calls for it. All the acute cases occur suddenly and with great intensity e.g. influenza, cholera, fevers, acute inflammations and even sudden blindness.

 2. Especially suited to congestive stage of inflammation before localization takes place.

 3. Tension: According to Dr Hughes, “Tension” is the word which gives the best idea of the action and sphere of Aconite. Emotional and mental tension as shown in fright or fear and its consequences , anxiety and fear of death. Muscular tension, as in tetanus, convulsions; tension of involuntary muscles, as in cardiac spasm; tension of the semi-involuntary muscle of respiration as in asthma.

 4. Fear: Fear is etched upon one’s countenance: Fear of dark, Fear of crowds, Fear to cross the streets, Fear of Death during pregnancy. Fear of Death: Predicts the day and hour of his death.

Source: hpathy.com

Differential of Headches

Source: ADAM

The Origin of Homeopathy

The Origin of
HOMEOPATHY

Homoeopathy is based on the principal that whatever can harm can also cure - that is, the natural Law of Similar. It is a holistic therapy which offers lasting cures on many levels- physical, emotional and mental. Homoeopathy uses minute doses of highly diluted natural substances to bring about healing and is capable of treating most  acute and chronic problems without negative side effects.           Homeopathy’s beginnings emerged from Dr. Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843), a German Physician.    Hahnemann graduated from medical school in 1779 and started his own medical practice.  He soon got disillusioned with medicine, especially the use of toxic drugs.  He gave up his own practice and began working as a chemist while translating medical texts.  At that point, around 1790, Hahnemann began working on a project to translate William Cullen’s Materia Medica into German.  He was exposed to the principles of “similars”.  He compiled his findings that were to change the world on healing for centuries to come.           The first homeopathic medical school in the United States was set up in the lated 1800’s.  It gained recognition because of its success in treating the  many epidemic diseased rampant at that time like scarlet fever, thyphoid, cholera and yellow fever.           Homeopathy treatment became very popular in the early 1900s.  At that time, there were 22 homeopathic medical schools, 100 homeopathic hospitals and over 1,000 homeopathic pharmacies.  Boston University, Stanford University and New York Medical College were among those educational institutions that were teaching homeopathy.

However, in the early 1920s many of the schools closed mainly due to the growth of modern medicine and the pharmaceutical industry.  While there was a drop in interest in homeopathy in the US early in the last century, it was not the case elsewhere. Instead, there was a big resurgence in Europe and parts of Asia, especially in the Indian sub-continent.           The Great Mahatma Gandhi saw its effectiveness while studying in Europe.  He brought it back to the Indian sub-continent as he was impressed by both its cost and effectiveness.  Today, it is so big in India and Pakistan that many think homeopathy originated from the Indian sub-continent.           Today, nearly all French pharmacies sell homeopathic remedies and medicines.  Indeed, the leading cough and cold brand in French pharmacies is homeopathic.  The British royal family is a leading proponent of this healing art in Europe. Apart from The Royal London Homeopathic Hospital, there are 5 other homeopathic hospital in United Kingdom, i.e. in London, Tunbridge Wells, Bristol, Liverpool and Glasgow.           For the first time in Malaysia, homeopathy is being offered at university level in Cyberjaya University  College of  Medical Science (CUCMS) This programme has been approved by the Malaysian Qualifications Agency and concordant with the Ministry of Health as well as Malaysian Homeopathy Council.           A professional homeopath must undertake 4 years of studies in Anatomy & Physiology, as well as Pathology & Disease, Materia Medica, Homeopathy Philosophy & study of Homeopathic Repertory and have clinical experience.  Homeopaths can be medical doctors, and in the US, many homeopaths are also chiropractors, naturopaths, osteopaths, nurses, dentist and veterinarians.